Hodder Science catalogue 2024 - Flipbook - Page 15
Common Entrance Key Stage 3
CE 13+ Textbook
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10
Particle theory and states of matter
/147/HO02044/work/indd/Main%20Book
Chemistry
Remember
3 Name the change of state as:
a) ice changes to water
b) liquid water changes to water
vapour.
4 Look at the diagram on page
127. Use this diagram to make simpler
diagrams of what is happening to
particles of water when:
the
a) ice changes to water
b) liquid water changes to water
vapour.
All the materials on Earth can be placed into three groups: solids, liquids and gases.
These three different groups of materials have different properties that can affect the jobs they are used for.
The most important properties are:
● Can the material flow? Gases and liquids flow, but solids do not.
● Can the material change shape? Solids keep the same shape, liquids change shape to match the shape
of the container they are in, and gases spread out to fill any space they can reach. We can change the
shape of a solid, but only by getting rid of some of it or by bending it.
● Can the material be squeezed to change its volume? (In other words, can it be compressed?) It is easy
to change the volume of a gas by squashing it. But liquids and solids do not tend to change very much in
volume (although some can expand very, very slightly when heated).
Know: the properties
of solids, liquids and
gases
Look inside
Other properties of solids, liquids
Solids that are metals are good at
transferring thermal (internal) energy.
We say
they are good conductors.
Thinking and working as a scientist: developing experimental skills
Thermal
energy
Drawing pin
stuck on metal
bar with wax
Practical activity: melt, solids, (sulfur, ice), boil liquids (water), sublime solids (iodine)
The aim of this experiment is to observe and record what happens to various substances when they are heated.
Observe what happens when your teacher heats a test tube with some sulfur in it and then a test tube with
some iodine in it.
Make a copy of the table below and use it to describe what you saw happen.
Substance
Observation
Iodine
Sulfur
Ice
Wax
Stearic acid
Heat the other substances in clean test tubes; record what you observe in each case. Some of these words
may help:
melt
boil
freeze
gas
solid
condense
evaporate
solidify
sublime
liquid
Work in groups and discuss your answers.
Safety: Iodine vapour is toxic. Take great care not to allow it to escape into the room.
1 You saw the substances in three different states. Name these states.
2 Name the type of energy responsible for the changes of state you observed.
Scientific fact
When you put
a thermometer
under your
tongue, the
thermal energy
makes the
alcohol or
mercury in the
bulb of the
thermometer
expand and
rise up the
scale. This
then gives a
reading on the
thermometer.
Thermal
energy
These pins fall first
because as the thermal
energy is conducted
along the bar, it
reaches and melts the
wax holding these pins.
Investigation 10.1: States of matter
View a sample from the Textbook
and gases
There are several other important
properties of substances that can
help us to
determine whether they are solids,
liquids or gases.
Conduction of thermal (internal) energy
States of matter
Matter is the scientific word used to describe all of the different substances and
materials found on the Earth (and in all other parts of the universe). We call solid,
liquid and gas the three states of matter.
■ A demonstration of conduction
along
a metal bar
Liquids and gases are not good conductors.
The only exception to this is
mercury, which is a liquid and a metal
and so does conduct.
Expansion
All states of matter expand when they
are heated, but this is usually easier
to see
with solids. Gases expand more than
liquids and liquids expand more than
solids.
When these materials are cooled again
they usually contract.
• In hot weather, the bridge sections
expand.
• Gaps between the sections get
smaller
without damage.
XI59 ABX
FI51 ABC
XI59 ABX
XI59 ABX
■ This bridge has been designed
to
• The rollers let the sections move
as they
expand.
• You will often see that the gaps
in concrete
roads are filled with tar. When the
concrete
expands, it just squashes the tar.
prevent problems arising from expansion
117
118
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