Hodder Science catalogue 2024 - Flipbook - Page 69
AQA Applied Science
My Revision Notes: AQA Applied Science
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Jeremy Pollard and Adrian Schmit
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between prokaryotic
Feature
Feat
Key concepts in the
application
of biology
Mem
Membrane
-bound organelles
Capsu
Capsule
Look inside
View sample material
from My Revision Notes:
AQA Applied Science
Exam tip
If asked for a set number
of differences between
prokaryotic cells and
eukaryotic cells, do not
include both the absence
of
a nucleus and the absence
of membrane-bound
organelles in prokaryoti
c
cells as separate
differences. The nucleus
is a
membrane-bound organelle
and there will be a mark
for
either difference, but not
both.
Never present
10–100 µm
Maths skills
Cell structures
str
are usually measured
in micrometres (µm). 1
12.4 mm = 12 400 µm,
mm is 1000 µm, e.g.
8 µm = 0.008 mm.
Cytoplasm
Capsule
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Flagellu
Flagellum
(plural: flag
flagella)
Pilus (plural: pili)
Plasmid
Ribosomes
DNA free
Mesosome
in cytoplasm
Nucleolus Nuclear membrane
Nuclear pore
Mitochondrion
M
You can learn more about
the roles and responsibi
lities of biomedical scientists,
pharmacologists, biochemis
ts, environmental scientists,
research scientists and
and exercise scientists
sport
in Unit 3. See page 122.
Free ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth endo
endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell structure
Vesicle
V
Cell types have differe
nces in ultrastructur
The development of
e
high-mag
nification electron microsco
discoveries about the
pes has led to
ultrastructure of cells.
Cells come in two types:
1 prokaryotic
2 eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells are
those found in bacteria
and blue-green algae,
eukaryotic cells make
while
up animals, plants and
fungi. Both types of
cytoplasm and a cell
cell have
membrane. The differenc
es between the two
cell are shown in Figure
types of
1.1 and Table 1.1.
10
3URJUHVV*HR.6BLQGE
LQGE
LQGE
Present
Absent
Absent
Larger (called ‘80S’)
Sometimes present
0.1–5.0 micrometres (µm)
Size
Making links
Check your understan
Absent
Absent
Present
Smaller (called ‘70S’)
Pili
In this section you will
learn that cells are the
basic units of life, and
knowledge of their structure
that a
and function is vital
for the understanding
diseases, fertility, growth
of
and development as
well as the effect of a
environmental chemical
variety of
s, including drugs.
You will also learn about
the heart. Heart and
circulator
cause more than a quarter
y system disease
of the deaths in the UK.
Then you will learn that
life consists of a series
of co-ordinated chemical
reactions. For the chemical
systems to work efficientl
be kept at a constant
y, certain factors must
or near constant level.
The maintenance of
state is called homeosta
this steady
sis. Factors controlled
include: body temperat
concentration of body
ure; the
fluids; and blood sugar
and pH levels.
You will also discover
that respiration is the
process which provides
with the energy they
all cells
need for living processes
. The energy comes from
materials, but its efficient
food
extraction requires oxygen
including humans, oxygen
and, in many animals,
enters the body by the
process of breathing
.
Finally, you will learn
that the world’s food
supply depends upon
of photosynthesis, by
the process
which plants make food.
Animals rely on plants
their food supply, either
for
directly or indirectly
.
Inside the nucleus
Present
Present
Meso
Mesosome
s
Ribosomes
Riboso
You can learn more about
the characteristic structural
features of prokaryote
s
and eukaryotes in Unit
6,
page 158.
Present
Free in the cytoplasm
DNA)
Making links
Eukaryotic cells
Absent
Plasmids
Plasm (small rings of
Introduction
and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
Nucleus
Nucl
DNA
the application of science
Tabl
Table 1.1 Differences
Unit 1 Key concepts in
Unit 1 Key concepts in
the
application of science
Cell membrane
Golgi body
Lysosome
Figure 1.1 Structure
St
of a typical prokaryot
ic and eukaryotic cell.
show here is an animal
The eukaryotic cell
cell
Note that th
the eukaryotic cell shown
in Figure 1.1 is an animal
have a cell wall
cell. Plant cells
w and sometimes
chloroplasts, and no
centrioles.
Ultrastructure The fine
structure of cells which
is
only visible with electron
microscopes.
Ultrastru
tructure and functio
ns of
cell organe
lles
Both prokaryo
prokary tic and eukaryot
ic cells have specialise
them, each o
d organelles inside
of which carries out
a particular function.
organelle are shown
The functions of each
in Table 1.2.
&RSULJKW6DPSOHP
ding and progress at
Cytoplasm
Centrioles
C
Eukaryotic Cells which
contain membrane-bound
organelles and a nucleus.
Prokaryotic Prokaryoti
c
cells are simple cells that
do not have a true nucleus
or other membrane-bound
organelles.
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&RSULJKW6DPSOHP
My Revision
sion Notes: AQA
30
3URJUHVV*HR.6BLQGE
LQGE
Applied Science Suitable
DWHULDO
Organelle Structure found
inside a cell which has
a
specific function.
for Level 3 and Level
3 Extended Certificate
11
s
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