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ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES FOR THE IB DIPLOMA
Geography for the IB Diploma
Geography for the IB Diploma:
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Simon Oakes
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2
Unit
Unit 1 Changin
Arctic Circle
mic
1.1 Population and econo
ns
development patter
View free sample
material from
Geography for
the IB Diploma
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
PPPPSS CONCEPTS
Tropic of Capricorn
of the
Theories and models
are
development process
Key
increasingly contested.
include
development debates
does
questions such as: What
How can
development really mean?
Should
development be measured?
as beingFigure 1.1 Dot map showing
any country be described
the global distribut
ion of
truly ‘developed’ yet?
100
90
80
Population distribution
at the global scale
70
patterns can be investigated
and population density
Population distribution
distribution of population.
Figure 1.1 shows the global
at varying spatial scales.
the following:
continents. Over half of
Important features include
unevenly among the world’s
n People are distributed
live in Africa and a further
Asia; 1.4 billion people
Earth’s population is in
The figures for Europe
North and South America.
billion are spread across
million and 44 million
New Zealand) are 750
and
(Australia
and Oceania
respectively (2022 data).
inhabit the continental
coastlines; relatively fewer
along
live
people
for global population
n Many
why the Lorenz curve
interiors. This is one reason
it does (Figure 1.2).
two-thirds of this is
distribution looks the way
than
more
Earth’s surface is land and
including (when
n Just one-third of
20 persons per square kilometre, Greenland, most of
inhabited by fewer than
Australia,
average) Russia, Canada,
looking at the national
and Saharan Africa.
South America, Antarctica
Keyword definitions
generally means
Development Human development strive to grow
people
the ways in which a country’s
of life. A
to improve their quality
economically and also
is most often shown by
country’s level of development
and/or
average national wealth
too.
economic indicators of
social and political criteria,
income, but can encompass
can be studied and
Scale Places, areas or territories
scales, from a local
geographic
of
identified at a variety
distribution
state level. The global
level to the national or
(planetary scale) data
macroscale
a
is
of population
small-scale patterns are
pattern. In contrast, very
distributions.
microscale
called
sometimes
% population
Look inside
is a foundation topic for
patterns and dynamics
factual
The study of population
provide you with a broad,
of this first chapter is to
chapter also introduces
Geography. The purpose
to population studies. This
of development vary
and conceptual introduction
and explores how levels
the key concept of development scales.
spatially at different geographical
in your geography course,
other key ideas you encounter about its value. First, the
Development, like some
vary
This means that perspectives
is a contested concept.
phrase suggests that processes
is problematic because the
like the USA – a
term ‘developed country’
countries
for
ended
progress have now
think
of historical change and
with. Second, some scholars
find reasons to disagree
claim that you can surely
because it is based on Western
country is a biased one,
the notion of a ‘developed’
change politically, economically
societies are expected to
is an entirely valid idea.
assumptions about how
Others argue that development
and culturally over time.
11
areas where
there is a high
The 45 degree
dashed line represents
a (theoretica
lly) perfectly
even and
equal spread
of people across
land. The solid
the planet’s
line shows the
distribution of
actual
people across
the land.
60
50
40
30
0
0
10
density of populati
PPPPSS CONCE
on
PTS
Use the concept
of
population patternsscale to analyse
in your own
country. Begin
by thinking about
how people
are distribute
d within
your local neighbou
analyse the pattern rhood; then
at a larger scale,
for example
in your country
as a
whole.
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Around 10 per
cent
people are spread of the world’s
across around
84 per cent of
the land area:
put
another way,
90 per cent of
people
are found in
areas representin
just 16 per cent
g
of all
available land.
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Figure 1.2 A
80
% land area
90
100
Lorenz curve
showing the
population.
unequal distribut
Table 1.1 on
page 3 explores
ion of the world’s
possible reasons
for this
in
wayPhysic
of then
A description
Foral and human
Population distribution
out across the Earth’s surface.
population distrib factors affecting global
which people are spread
ution
people live in Asia.
Both physical
instance, around 4 billion
and human factors
globalwithin
affect populatio
scale (Table 1.1).
number of people living
n distribution
Historically, early
of
Population density The
density
either
patterns at
by choice
the population
settlers in any
or necessity, wherever
world region lived, the
a specified area. For instance,
one person
foothold
the environm
to livelihood’.
(USA) is less than
ent provided them
Even today,
large parts of New Mexico
active populatio
with ‘a
n obtains its food around one-third of the world’s
per square kilometre.
This extentthat
and/or income
economically
physical influence
of themeans
by actively farming
expression
soil fertility –
s on food productio
the land.
Lorenz curve A diagrammatic
straight remain hugely
n – including
important factors
is unequal. The dashed
2 billion of the
climate and
to which a distribution
even world’s people
in determining
perfectly
a
shows
curve
live
where more than
n This partly
and work.
diagonal line on a Lorenz
solid curvedexplains the low
The further away theinaccessi
of and extremes levels of density in continen
bility
and equal distribution.
the level
the greater
line,
tal
dashed
interiors:
of
this
climate
temperat
line deviates from
shown.ure ranges) mostly discourag (including high daily
exists for the scenario
or annual
of Asia, Saharan
inequality that actually
Africa, Australia e large-scale settlement in
central areas
and South America
.
Copy
l right: Sa
eria
mple
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