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History MYP 4-5
History
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Jo Thomas and Keely Rogers
Develop your students’ skills to become inquiring learners; ensure they
navigate the MYP framework with con昀椀dence using a concept-driven
and assessment-focused approach to History, presented in global
contexts.
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arguments
oo
in Russia, which
In 1917, there was a revolution
the Provisional
overthrew the Tsar. However,
ruled Russia, was itself
Government, which then
who followed the ideas
overthrown by the Bolsheviks,
led by
aiming for a revolution
of Karl Marx, and were
the proletariat or workers.
Lenin
by Vladimir Lenin. When
The Bolsheviks were led
a civil war against antidied in 1924, after surviving
succeeded by Joseph Stalin.
Bolshevik forces, he was
totalitarian state during
Russia became a one-party
skills – Evaluate
evidence and
of
◆■ Assessment oppor
o
pr
◆■ In this activity
assessed using
WHAT WAS SOCIALISTCase
study: Vsevo
lod Meye
REALISM?
SOURCE A
tunities
you have practised
skills that are
Criterion D: Thinking
critically.
(1874on
rhold
in
–1940
)
end to all experimentati
In the 1930s Stalin put an
‘Stalinist art was
upon.ldInstead,
Meyerho
counterfeit [false];
were looked down
was a well-kno
its great power
art. Avant-garde artists
in its ability to exchange
wn theatre director.
resided
type of art
also a founder
He was
an artificial world
the officially approved
of the avant-ga
Socialist Realism became
the real one. The
surreptitiously for
rde theatre which
victims of this sleight
had
nearly 60 years. flourished in the 1920s when
of hand were shown
in the Soviet Union for
entirely imaginary
this period.
the Bolsheviks
an
and yet seemingly
took over.
movement in
Realism
1937 Meyerho
realistic and self-consi
to the In
universe over and
ld decided to produce
Socialist Realism had similarities
stent
over again. The
artists
on workers – at the
a play based
make-believe universe
of references to
Revolution in 1917, Russian
people – peasants anda novel by Nikolai Ostrovsk
ordinary
put
it
was full
itself. For example,
Following the Bolshevik
that
y, called How
life
the
was Tempere
in common
there was a series
the Steel
about a mythical
ordinary people
new art forms that rejected
d. However, the
of films
also experimented with
centre of art and showed
revolutionary character
play was not allowed
it did not follow
art. These artists were
called
more
bourgeois
and
as
life
Maxim.
real
of
the
to audiences than
rules for Socialist
He was
bourgeois way
situations.
a historical character
Realism; it was
realistic about
World War Two
the horrors of
. At the time of
of the second
it was Maxim who
known as ‘avant-garde’.
the Russian Civil
unlike the Realism movement
had
However,
turned
occurred
War that
encouraging them
to the Soviet people,
in the 1920s, but
in this period was the
artists could not portray
to fight … For socialist
this was not the
realism that wasRealism
One movement which emerged
half of the nineteenth century,
kind of
it was meant to],
realist art to [do
that
what
Constructivists believed
it had to enjoy complete
as they saw them. Socialist now expected.
Constructivist movement.
ordinary people exactly
completely dominate
monopoly … it
should be
In 1937,and glorify
had to
for art’s sake’ or that art
the artistic world.’
aim, which was to highlight Meyerhold was attacked
there should not be ‘art
in Pravda (the
be used to had a political
ideal
thenewspap
Kenez, P. Cinema
towardsent
strugglegovernm
but rather that art should
and Soviet Society:
er) and then his
separate from society –
the proletariat’s (workers’)
From the Revolution
Vladimir
theatre was
closed. His views
the movement’s founders,
to the Death
on Socialist Realism
change society. One of
socialist state.
of Stalin, I.B. Tauris,
can be seen
in Source B. He
p. 145.
not the new, but the necessary’.
was arrested,
at the first All-Union
1934January
Tatlin, wrote, ‘Not the old,
tortured and shot
SOURCE B
and
Andrei Zhdanov, in a speech
1940.‘Socialist
in
the Bolshevik Revolution
supported
term
the
first used
Constructivists
on the
Congress of Soviet Writers,
proletarian culture based
‘I, for one, find
art should ‘depict life faithfully’,
wanted to create a new
the work of our
help alter
Realism’. He explained that
theatres at present
and
technology. Art was to
terrifying. This pitiful
pitiful and
worker and on industrial
its revolutionary development’,
and sterile somethin
they lived
while showing ‘reality in
must
people dressed to how
g that aspires to
title of socialist
everything – from the way
be able to show our heroes,
realism has nothing
the
that ‘Soviet literature must
in common with
go to the Moscow
Although he was talking
art …
and how they travelled.
theatres and look
be able to glimpse our tomorrow’.
at the colourless
used
arts.
productions which
, boring
in ‘industrial style’, which
ideas were to apply to all
are all so alike and
Everything was constructed
about literature, the same
differ only in their
of worthlessness
straight lines.
degree
… In your efforts
geometrical shapes and
to eradicate formalism
have destroyed
, you
art!’
e
pl
e
pl
m
m
Sa
Sa
View free sample
material from History
■■ ATL
■■ Critical-t
hinking
1 In Source A,
what points does
Peter Kenez make
about Socialist
Realism as an
art form in the
Union?
Soviet
2 In Source B,
in which ways
does the theatre
director Meyerho
ld agree with
Peter Kenez?
3 What do these
sources, and the
information box
on Meyerhold,
reveal about the
link between
and culture in
state
the Soviet Union?
pr
Revolution in Russia
Look inside
ACTIVITY: Critic
s of Socialist
Realism
Thus, in paintings
, workers were
always portraye
heroic way; they
d in a
were always shown
as being happy,
and healthy –
enjoying their
fit
work, which was
develop the Socialist
helping to
state. Bold colours
message was
were used and
easily understo
the
od; such art was
appeal to the
designed to
masses and the
intention was
it, the workers
that, by viewing
and peasants would
see the importan
their work, which
ce of
would help to
educate them
of communism.
in the goals
Stalin describe
d the artists of
Socialist Realism
of the soul’. Posters
as
‘enginee
rs
were the most
common form
type of art in the
of this
Soviet Union.
Sculpture, literature
stage
cinema also
followed Socialist
design for a Constructivist
and
■■ Figure 6.10 1920s
Realism.
Exter
setting in a theatre by Alexandra
f
How did the Bolshevik
Revolution in Russia
affect culture and
society?
Meyerhold, V. quoted
6 Do social, cultural
4&5: by Concept
and artistic moveme
History for the IB MYP
nts reflect the
118
841583 06_MYP_His
tory_Ch06.ind
d 119
47
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30/06/2015 14:56
in Tucker, R.C. 1992.
Stalin in Power:
Revolution from
The
above, 1928–194
1. Norton, p. 563.
era in which they
take place?
119
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